Spravato vs TMS: Which Is Right for Treatment-Resistant Depression?
Quick Answer: Spravato and TMS are both established, in-office treatments for depression that hasn't responded to antidepressants, and both are covered by most insurance plans with prior authorization. The core difference is simple: TMS is a drug-free magnetic stimulation treatment delivered in short daily sessions over about six weeks, while Spravato is an esketamine nasal spray taken alongside an oral antidepressant, with fewer visits but a two-hour monitoring period after each dose and no driving afterward. Neither is "better" across the board. The right choice depends on your history, your schedule, and clinical factors, and sometimes the answer is a combination. A clinician decides this with you.
If you've reached the point where standard antidepressants haven't worked, TMS and Spravato are probably the two names you keep running into. They're both serious options for treatment-resistant depression, and on the surface they can sound interchangeable. They aren't. They work in completely different ways, they ask different things of you week to week, and they suit different people. Here's an honest comparison to help you understand the trade-offs before you talk it through with a clinician.
What they have in common
Before the differences, it's worth being clear on where they overlap, because that overlap is real:
- Both are used for treatment-resistant depression, meaning depression that hasn't improved enough after one or more antidepressants.
- Both are delivered in-office rather than taken at home.
- Both are covered by most major insurance plans when medical necessity criteria are met, which generally means a documented diagnosis, a history of failed antidepressant trials, and prior authorization.
- Both have a track record and a defined protocol, rather than being experimental.
So this isn't a choice between a proven option and a gamble. It's a choice between two different proven approaches.
How they actually work
This is the fundamental split, and most of the other differences flow from it.
TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) is a drug-free, non-invasive treatment. A device delivers magnetic pulses to a targeted area of the brain involved in mood regulation. Nothing enters your system. It's FDA-cleared specifically for depression, and because the effect is targeted rather than systemic, it avoids the body-wide side effects associated with medication.
Spravato (esketamine) is a medication. It's an FDA-approved nasal spray, derived from ketamine, that acts on a different brain system than traditional antidepressants. It's taken alongside an oral antidepressant, not instead of one, and it's specifically approved both for treatment-resistant depression and for major depressive disorder with acute suicidal ideation.
That last point is a genuine differentiator. If acute suicidal thinking is part of the picture, Spravato carries an indication that TMS does not, and that can matter to the clinical decision.
What treatment looks like week to week
The day-to-day experience of each is quite different, and for many people this is the deciding factor.
With TMS, you come in five days a week for about six weeks, followed by a taper over roughly two more weeks. Each session is around 20 minutes of treatment, and you're usually in and out in about half an hour. There's no anesthesia and no recovery time, so you drive yourself home and carry on with your day. The commitment is the daily rhythm, not any single appointment.
With Spravato, you come in less often, but each visit takes longer. After your dose, there's a two-hour monitoring period where the team observes you before you leave, and you can't drive afterward, so you need someone to take you home. The visit schedule is more spread out than TMS, but each one takes up a chunk of the day and requires a ride.
So the honest framing is: TMS is frequent but quick and self-sufficient, while Spravato is less frequent but each session is longer and needs a driver.
Side effects compared
TMS side effects are usually limited to mild scalp discomfort or a light headache, mostly in the early sessions, and these tend to settle within the first week. Because nothing enters your system, there are no medication-type side effects.
Spravato side effects happen during and shortly after the session. The most common is a sense of dissociation (feeling somewhat detached from your body or surroundings), along with possible dizziness, nausea, sedation, or a temporary rise in blood pressure. This is exactly why the monitoring period exists. These effects are usually short-lived and fade the same day, but they make the treatment hours themselves more involved than a TMS session.
How fast each tends to work
People want to know which is faster, and the honest answer is that it varies by individual, but the general patterns differ.
TMS tends to work gradually. Most people don't notice much in the first week or two, and improvement, when it comes, usually builds across the course rather than arriving suddenly.
Spravato is often described as faster-acting, with some people noticing a shift within the early days of treatment. For someone who needs relief sooner rather than later, that pace can be a meaningful advantage.
Neither timeline is guaranteed, and neither treatment works for everyone. What matters is that your response is tracked over the course so you and your clinician can see whether it's helping rather than guessing.
Cost and coverage
Both treatments are covered by most major plans with prior authorization, though Spravato's authorization bar is generally a little higher. If insurance doesn't cover TMS, or you'd rather not go through authorization, TMS is also available as a self-pay option. Coverage specifics vary by plan and are confirmed at a benefits check before anything is scheduled, so cost shouldn't be a guessing game either way.
When one tends to make more sense
There's no formula here, and this is genuinely a clinical decision, but some factors tend to point one way or the other.
TMS often suits people who specifically want a drug-free option, who can commit to the daily schedule, and who would find the monitoring period and driving restriction of Spravato hard to arrange.
Spravato often suits people who want a potentially faster response, who can't manage daily visits but can arrange a ride for less frequent longer ones, and particularly where acute suicidal ideation is part of the clinical picture, given its specific indication there.
And it isn't always either/or. Depending on your situation, a clinician may suggest one first and the other later, or combine approaches. The goal is what works for you, not loyalty to a single method.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I do both TMS and Spravato?
In some cases, yes. They work through different mechanisms, so a clinician may use them in sequence or together depending on your response and your situation. Whether that's appropriate is a clinical decision made on an individual basis.
Which one is more effective?
Both are established treatments for treatment-resistant depression, and effectiveness varies by individual rather than one being universally better. That's exactly why the choice is made with a clinician who can weigh your specific history, rather than from a general ranking.
Do I have to stop my antidepressant for either one?
Not necessarily. Spravato is specifically taken alongside an oral antidepressant. TMS doesn't require medication, but many people continue their existing treatment during it. Your clinician will advise based on your plan.
Which has fewer side effects?
They're different rather than simply more or less. TMS side effects are usually mild and limited to the treatment area, with nothing entering your system. Spravato's effects happen during the session and are the reason for the monitoring period, but they typically resolve the same day.
Share Article


















